Mapping Inter-confederation, European playoffs fixtures for the 2026 World Cup

 As of November 20, 2025, 42 spots for the 48-team 2026 FIFA World Cup have been secured through direct qualification. The remaining six spots will be decided through two separate playoff tournaments in March 2026. 

In this post, I will create a map showing the teams that will participate in the playoff tournaments.

Teams for Inter-confederation playoff: New Caledonia, Jamaica, Bolivia, Suriname, DR Congo, and Iraq

Teams for European playoff: Italy, Northern Ireland, Wales, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ukraine, Sweden, Poland, Albania, Turkey, Romania, Slovakia, Kosovo, Denmark, North Macedonia, Czech Republic and Republic of Ireland

Reproducing the "Map of Nigerian Languages"

 I needed a softcopy of the 'Map of Nigerian Languages' by the National Library of Nigeria. Unfortunately, all the softcopies I found where not useful to me because the image resolution was poor (see images below). So I decided to re-produce one from scratch.

Radio Nigeria has a copy of the map here but it is of low resultion for my use. Although it served as a reference for the new map i intend to reproduce. I also referenced this video on National Library of Nigeria facebook page.

For the list of languages, I utilized this source from National Institute for Cultural Orientation (NICO) to prepare the list below in JSON format:-

'[{"STATES":"ABIA","LANGUAGES":"Igbo"},{"STATES":"ADAMAWA","LANGUAGES":"Bachama, Bali, Bare, Batta, Bena, Bille, Boga, Baba, Bura, Chamba, Chobbo, Dangsa, Dadiya, Dera, Dijim-Bwilim, Dirim, Dibanci, Dong, Doso, Fali, Fulfude, Gaa, Ga’anda, Gbaya-Northeast, Gola, Gengle, Gira, Gongla, Gorobi, Gude, Gudu, Gwaba, Hide, Higgi, Holma, Hona, Huba, Hwana, Hya, Jenjo, Kaan, Kanakuru, Kamwe, Kofa, Koma, Korna, Kpasam, Kugama, Jango, Jkumba, Kilba, Kwa, Kwak, Koma, Laka, Lala, Lak-Roba, Lamang, Libbo, Lunguda, Loo, Matakam, Mobas, Mafa, Marghi South, Mboi, Mbongno, Mbula-Bwazza, Mingang Mumuye, Muchala, Mwana,Ngoshe, Ngwaba, Njayi, Njerep, Nona, Nyong, Nzanyi, Psikye, Samba Leko, Sate, Sukur, Tambo,Tangale, Teme, The, Tso, Vemgo, Verre, Volma, Voro, Waja, Wom, Wula, Yandang, Yundur, Zizilivakan"},{"STATES":"AKWA IBOM","LANGUAGES":"Anang, Efai, Eki, Ekit, Etebi, Ibibio, Ibino, Ibuoro, Idere, Iko, Ilue, Itu Mbon Uzo, Okobo, Uda"},{"STATES":"ANAMBRA","LANGUAGES":"Igbo, Igala"},{"STATES":"BAUCHI STATE","LANGUAGES":"Ajawa, Beele, Bure, Ciwogai, Dass, Daza, Deno, Diri, Duguri, Galambu, Gamo-Ningi, Fulfude, Geji, Gera, Giiwo, Gwa, Gyem, Izere, Jimi, Ju, Karekare, Kariya Kir-Balar, Kubi Kudu, Kudu Camo, Kutto, Kwaami, Labir, Lame Lenoro, Lere, Luri, Mangas, Mburku, Miya Pa’a,-Kwonci, Sanga, Saya, Shau, Shiki, Shuva-Siri, Sur, Tala Tunzuii, Vaghat-Ya-Bijin-Legeri, Warji, Zangwal, Zari, Zeem, Ziriya"},{"STATES":"BAYELSA","LANGUAGES":"Abureni, Epie, Do Southeast, Kirike, Odual, Ogbia, Okochia, Kugbo, Izon"},{"STATES":"BENUE","LANGUAGES":"Agatu, Akpa, Basa, Edumoga, Eloyi, Etulo, Igede, Igbo, Idoma, Iyala, Kukele, Koring, Otank, Odual, Otukpo, Otukpa, Orokam, Peere, Samba-Daka, Tite, Tiv Wanna, Surubu, Utonkon"},{"STATES":"BORNO","LANGUAGES":"Afade, Arabic, Shuwa, Bure-Pabir, Ciback, Aghwede, Fullfude, Glauda, Guduf-Gara, Gvoko Hide, Jara, Jilbe, Kanuri, Lamang, Kurama, Mafa, Marghi South, Tadaga, Tera, Wandda, Yedina Cinen, Babur-Bura."},{"STATES":"CROSS RIVER","LANGUAGES":"Awgagwune, Alege, Bakpinka, Bekwarra, Betc-Bendi, Bokyi, Bumaji, Doko Uyanga, Ebughu, Efik, Efutop, Ejagham, Evant, Kevemaci, Ito, Kiong, Kohumono, Korop, Kukele, Lenyima, Leyigha, Lokaa Lubila, Mbembe, Nde-Nsele-Nta, Ndoe, Nkem-Nkum, Nkukoli, Nnam, Obanlinku, Obolo, Odut Olulomo, Ikom, Oring, Oro Otank, Putukwan, Tamajag, Ubaghara, Ubangi Ukpe-Bayobiri, Ukpet-Ehom, Umon, Usaghade, Uzekwe, Tacc, Yaka"},{"STATES":"DELTA","LANGUAGES":"Eruwa, Isekiri, Isoko Izon, Kalabari, Ogboronuagum, Okpe, Urhobo, Vubie, Ika, Ukwani-Aboh-Ndoni"},{"STATES":"EDO","LANGUAGES":"Edo, Emai-Luleha-Ora, Enwan, Esan, Ghotuo, Ibilo, Idesa, Igwe, Ihevbe, Ika, Ikpeshi, Ivebe-North-Okpela-Arhe, Ososo, Sasaru, Ukaan, Uneme, Uokha Yekhee"},{"STATES":"EKITI","LANGUAGES":"Yoruba"},{"STATES":"EBONYI","LANGUAGES":"Igbo"},{"STATES":"ENUGU STATE","LANGUAGES":"Igbo, Igala"},{"STATES":"GOMBE","LANGUAGES":"Awak, Bangunji, Bolewa, Boh, Burak, Cham, Dadiya, Deji Fulani, Gasi, Ggizim, Hausa, Hone, Jara, Jukun, Kamo, Kana-Kuru, Kanuri, Koma, Kare-Kare, Kushi, Lunguda, Marghi South, Ngamo Pero, Tangale, Tera, Tso, Tula, Tuk, Kamo, Waja, Wurkum"},{"STATES":"IMO","LANGUAGES":"Igbo"},{"STATES":"JIGAWA","LANGUAGES":"Auyokawa, Fulfude, Kanuri, Teshenawa, Kurama, Hausa"},{"STATES":"KADUNA","LANGUAGES":"Amo, Ashe, Atsam, Ayu, Begbere-Ejar, Bina, Cinder-Regi-Tiyal, Cori, Doka, Dungu, Dza, Gbagyi, Gbiri-Niragu, Fulfude, Hyam Idon,M Idun, Iku-Gora-An-Kwa, Izere, Jere, Jiu, Kadara, Kaningkom-Nindem, Kanufi, Kataf, Kinuku, Kono, Kuturmi, Mada, Mala, Ndun, Ningye, Ninzo, Nungu, Nyeng, Piti, Rogo, Ruma, Saya, Sha, Shamang, Tumi Zhire"},{"STATES":"KANO","LANGUAGES":"Fulfude, Gibannawa, Hausa, Kurama, Amo"},{"STATES":"KATSINA","LANGUAGES":"Fulfude, Hausa"},{"STATES":"KEBBI","LANGUAGES":"Acipa, Cinda-Regi, Fulfude, Tital, C’lela, Dendi, Hunsaare, Kyenga, Peshe, Tsikimba, Ut-Ma’in, Hausa,"},{"STATES":"KOGI","LANGUAGES":"Alere, Basa, Ebira, Eggan, Gwari, Igala, Kakanda, Koto, Kupa, Oko-Eni-Osayeri, Okun, Okpamheri, Saya, Ogori"},{"STATES":"KWARA","LANGUAGES":"Batonu, Bagobiri, Bokobaru, Fulfude, Hausa, Nupe, Yoruba"},{"STATES":"LAGOS","LANGUAGES":"Yoruba, Awori"},{"STATES":"NASARAWA","LANGUAGES":"Afo, Agatu, Agoi, Ake, Alago, Alumutesu, Arum, Ashe, Basa-Gumna, Buh, Duhwa, Eggo, Fulani, Gade, Gbagyi, Goemai, Gwandara, Ham, Hausa, Hasha, Jukun, Kantana, Kofyar, Koro, Kulere, Lijili, Migili, Mada, Mama, Ninzo-Nungu, Nyankpa, Saya, Yeskwa"},{"STATES":"NIGER","LANGUAGES":"Asu, Baangi, Basa-Gumna, Basa-Gurmana, Basa-Kon Tagora, Busa, Gishinginni, C’ida, Dendi, Dibo, Fungwa Gbari, Gurmana, Gwandara, Hungworo, Hun-Saare, Ija-Zuba, Kadara, Kakanda, Kakihum, Laru, Lopa, Nepe-Nope-Tako, Pongu, Rogo, Shama-Sambuga, Tsikimba, Tsishinginni, Tsuvadi"},{"STATES":"OGUN","LANGUAGES":"Gun, Yoruba, Egba, Ijebu, Owu, Awori, Yewa."},{"STATES":"ONDO","LANGUAGES":"Ahan, Akpes, Arigidi, Ayere, Ehuem, Iyayu, Uhami, Ukaan, Ukue, Yoruba, Okpamher"},{"STATES":"OSUN","LANGUAGES":"Yoruba"},{"STATES":"OYO","LANGUAGES":"Yoruba"},{"STATES":"PLATEAU","LANGUAGES":"Atsam, Bada, Berom, Boghom, Bo-Rukul, Cakfem-Mushere, Casacen, Centum, Che, Como Karim, Dibo, Duguri, Etem, Fulfude, Fyaam, Fyer, Ganang, Goemai, Horom, Iguta, Irigwe, Izora, Janji, Jorto, Koenoem, Kotyar, Kulere, Lemoro, Kurama, Miship, Montol, Mundet, Mwaghavul, Ngas, Numan, Panawa, Pe, Pyapun, Ron, Sambe, Saya, Shakara, Shalkl-Zwall, Sheni, Sur, Tal, Tanjijili, Tarok, Toro, Tunzuii, Tyap, Vaghotya-Bijim-Legeri, Wapan, Wapha, Yangkam, Yiwom, Yukumben, Zumb."},{"STATES":"RIVERS","LANGUAGES":"Baan, Biseni, Defaka, Degema, Ekpeye, Eleme, Engenni, Gokana, Ibani, Ikwere, Izon, Kalabari, Khana, Kugbo, Obulom, Olchichi, Ogbah, Ogbogolo, Okochia, Ukwani-Aboh-Ndoni."},{"STATES":"SOKOTO","LANGUAGES":"Fulfude, Hausa"},{"STATES":"TARABA","LANGUAGES":"Abon, Akum, Ambo, Anca, Batu, Bête, Bitare, Bukwen, Buru, Como Karim, Dadiya, Dong, Dzodinka, Esimbi, Ettywan, Feli Of Baissa, Fam, Fulfude, Fum, Jiba, Jibu, Jiru, Jukun-Takkum, Kam, Kapya, Kholok, Kpan, Kpati, Kulung, Kutep, Kpak, Lamja-Dengsa-Tola, Lamnso, Leeelau, Limbum, Lufu, Maghadi, Mak, Mambilla, Marghi Central, Marghi South, Mbembe, Tijan, Mingang Doso, Moo, Mvanip Ned-Gbite, Ndoola, Ndunda, Nshi, Nyam, Rangishoo-Mindanye, Somyev, Viti, Waka, Wapan, Yamba."},{"STATES":"YOBE","LANGUAGES":"Fulfude, Kanuri, Bade, Hausa, Ngamo, Shuwa Kanuri, Manga, Karekare, Marghi Central, Marghi South."},{"STATES":"ZAMFARA","LANGUAGES":"Fulfude, Hausa"},{"STATES":"FCT","LANGUAGES":"Bassa, Gbagyi, Hausa, Gwandara, Gade"}]'

The following states have more than ten (10) major and minor spoken indigenous languages: ADAMAWA, PLATEAU, TARABA, BAUCHI, CROSS RIVER, KADUNA, NASARAWA, GOMBE, NIGER, BENUE, BORNO, RIVERS, EDO, AKWA IBOM, KOGI, KEBBI, ONDO, DELTA, and YOBE. The table below shows the total number languages for each state. 

To prepare the map, I made use of Inkscape vector graphics software since the map is not a GIS specific task without scientific cartography elements such as scale, north arrow, grid, projection etc.

"Scientific maps adhere strictly to the principles of cartography and geospatial information science (GIS). On the other hand, Non-scientific maps often sacrifice technical accuracy for ease of use, aesthetic appeal, or conceptual clarity".

The map is more of a conceptual communication map not a measured scientific map that requires the use of GIS tool.

Inkscape for Geo-Scientific Research Publishing: Creating High-Quality Maps & Scientific Figures

 It is an observation worth making that the skill of graphics design remains significantly underrated among authors in academic research. This oversight, which can diminish the impact and clarity of scholarly work, is a mistake I initially made myself.

However, I swiftly recognized this deficit and took corrective action by dedicating time to learning an effective, open-source graphics design tool: Inkscape. This choice allowed me to substantially enhance the visual presentation of my research findings, from schematics and diagrams to conceptual figures. The message here is clear: proficiency in graphics design is not merely an optional extra but a critical component of effective academic communication. If this is a skill gap in your own repertoire, be assured that it is not too late to remedy it and immediately elevate the standard of your published work.

To help you accomplished this, I have created a YouTube video series tailored toward using inkscape for making research figures.

Inkscape is a powerful, free, and open-source vector graphics editor suitable for creating figures for geo-scientific research publications, such as journal articles, posters, and illustrations. InkScape is a good choice for authors preparing diagrams and other line art for their manuscript.

Basic steps for making each figure will generally be based on the following

Steps:

1. Determine the Figure's target size - 2% of design time is expected to be spent here. 
2. Design and Arrange the Figure Components - 95% of design time is expected to be spent here.
3. Finalize and Export the Figure - 3% of design time is expected to be spent here.

Scientific figures just like the papers are fundamentally constructed by taking existing ideas adapting, applying, and improving them in novel contexts over time. Inkscape can be used for the following:-

• Developing original schematic diagrams from conception.
• Simplify complex figures from papers for presentation clarity.
• Refine and adjust plots exported from programs (e.g., Excel, MATLAB, Python, R, ArcGIS, QGIS).
• Annotate photos by adding details like labels, scale bars, arrows, and outlines.
• Comprehensive design and production of scientific conference posters.

Some of what you will learn are adapting a research figure, fixing a portion of an existing research figure, preparing confrence posters, designing graphical abstract etc.

Video 1: Introduction to Inkscape for Geo-Scientific Research Publishing

Video 2: Adapting a research figure from a journal paper

Video 3: Fxing the key/legend of a remote sensing classification image

Video 4

Video 5

Video 6

Video 7

Video 8

Video 9

Video 10

Video 11

Video 12

Thank you for following.

How to Open a drone PointCloud file in AutoCAD

 To open PointCloud file generated from a drone phogrammetry software in AutoCAD, the point cloud file must be in Autodesk ReCap (.rcp, .rcs) format as seen below.

What is Autodesk ReCap?

Autodesk ReCap is reality capture software used to transform real-world objects and environments into digital 3D models from photographs and laser scans. The software allows users to view, edit, and prepare high-quality digital assets, often as point clouds or meshes, for use in other Autodesk software, such as AutoCAD, Revit, and Navisworks. Its file extension is either .rcp or .rcs, hence any point cloud file that most be imported into AutoCAD must be converted into the ReCap file extension using the Autodesk ReCap software. To proceed with this tutorial, download and install the Autodesk ReCap software. You also need the Autodesk login credentials, so signup for one if you don't have it already.

Step-by-step

1) Launch the Autodesk ReCap and create a new project

2) Import all your point cloud files that are either in .laz, .las, .ply, .csv etc. If you work with webODM drone software you should be farmilier with these point cloud files.

In addition to the point cloud file types listed above, Autodesk ReCap also supports others as seen below;

Using custom Hausa font within QGIS

 QGIS just like most computer software uses the fonts that are installed on your computer. So, to use a Hausa font in QGIS you will need to install the font on your computer.

There are two commly used Hausa font in use, namely: Dr. Abdallah Uba Adamu (Abdalla.ttf) and Rabiat Muhammad (Rabiat.ttf) fonts. You can download and install both from this Google drive folder. After you download double-click on the file to and click on install button to install them on your computer as seen below.

Both fonts where developed by Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu in his contribution to the development of Hausa language in modern era, he developed 'hooked' Hausa language character font sets (ɓ Ɓ ɗ Ɗ ƙ Ƙ), which were not present at the advent of the word processors in Nigeria in the 1990s. He named them 'rabi'at' (after his mother, Rabi'at Muhammad) and 'abdalla' (after himself, as he could not think of any name at the time).

After installation, the fonts will be available in QGIS as seen above.

To type the special Hausa characters (ɓ Ɓ ɗ Ɗ ƙ Ƙ), we will utilize "~, |, ], [, } and {" for Abdalla.ttf font and "v, V, x, X, q and Q" for Rabiat.ttf font. The table below summaries what you need to type to achieve keying or typing the special Hausa characters.

That is it!

Introduction to G.Projector 3 — A Map Projection Explorer by NASA

 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has this great tool called G.Projector for exploring complex Map Projection not easily implemented in common cartographic or GIS tool. The software is based o Java and it is available on major operating system like Windows, macOS and Linux. G.Projector is an interactive tool for exploring map projections. It takes an input map image, typically in Equirectangular form (also called Cylindrical Equidistant), and transforms it to one of over 200 other projections.

Download and launch G.Projector from the official website, it is a simple standalone software (no installation is required), however you need to have Java 11 or higher installed on your machine.

To start using G.Projector, you need to have a basemap (source map) of the globe in one of the following projections namely: Aitoff, Cylindrical equal Area, Equirectangular, Hammer, Robinson, or Winkel Tripel. Your source map in any of the projections above can then be transformed to one of over 200 other projections. An important note is that your input map image, must not have a border or extra margins around the edges.

A KMZ file ca also be used as an input source map.

With this tool, you can take a globe map like the once below and convert them into many types of map projections.

The steps required are as follow;-

1) Launch the G.Projector software

2) Go to "File" >> "New with import…", select your base map and choose its corresponding map projection such as "Equiretangular" as "Input projection"

3) In the "Projection" tab, select the new map projection type you want to transform the map into. As an example, here I choose "Sinusoidal" as projection mode with Interrupted: 30° Gores

4) In the "Graticule" tab, set the "Stroke" as you want

5) In the "Overlays" tab, select <None> for "Overlay 1".

6) In the "Border" tab, set "Weight" to 0%.

7) Export the current view now under "File" >> "Save Map as…"

A note on Gore

In cartography, a gore is a wedge-shaped segment of a map, often resembling the area between two lines of longitude, that can be fitted to a globe with minimal distortion. It can also refer to a triangular piece of land resulting from conflicting surveys or a gap between boundaries. 

1. Globe Gores:

A gore is a section of a map designed to be wrapped around a globe. 

These sections are typically shaped like a wedge, with the wider end at the top (near the equator) and the narrower end at the bottom (near the pole). 

The term "gore" in this context comes from the shape of the segment, which is similar to the panels of a hot air balloon or parachute. 

2. Land Gores:

In surveying and land ownership, a gore refers to a small, usually triangular, piece of land that is not included in any adjacent property or land survey.

These gaps can arise from errors in surveying, where two or more surveys fail to align properly, or from discrepancies in boundaries.

For example, the "g<bos> land" between the Philipse Patent and the Rombout Patent in New York was a well-known gore. 

3. Distinguishing Gores from Gaps:

While both gores and gaps represent areas not included in adjacent properties, a gore is generally triangular in shape, while a gap can be any irregular shape.

Gores often arise from conflicting survey lines, whereas gaps may result from errors in descriptions of property boundaries. 

That is it!

Happy Map Projection

How to Manually Install WebODM on local server in Windows 11

 There are several ways to install the WebODM server software including purchasing the windows installer for easy installation. In this guide, I will demonstrate how it can be install on windows 11 local machine, for other detailed installation guide see the webODM github page.

Photogrammetry software require a computer with high processing power and the minimum recommend spec for webODM are 100GB free disk space and 16GB RAM.

Convert any picture into svg vector graphics

 The vtracer module can be used to convert a raster image to vector SVG image. See the code below;-  

import vtracer # pip install vtracer

inp = "map.png"
out = '001'

# Minimal example: use all default values, generate a multicolor SVG
vtracer.convert_image_to_svg_py(inp, f'{out}_defaultcolor.svg')

# Single-color example. Good for line art, and much faster than full color:
vtracer.convert_image_to_svg_py(inp, f'{out}_blackandwhite.svg', colormode='binary')

print('Done...')

Original Raster Map Image

Resulting Vector SVG Map 

Script to Create New Layers for Survey Plan Drawing in AutoCAD

 

LAYER NEW BorderLine,Beacons,BoundaryLine,Title,NorthArrow,ContourLine,Legend,Roads
COLOR 7 Beacons
COLOR 10 BoundaryLine
COLOR 7 Title
COLOR 5 NorthArrow
COLOR 12 ContourLine
COLOR 7 BorderLine


(alert "DONE CREATING THE LAYERS...")  

To list all the layers' names in the current drawing:-

(defun c:ListLayersSimple (/ tbl)
  (setq tbl (tblnext "LAYER" T)) ; Start of layer table
  (while tbl
    (princ (strcat "\n" (cdr (assoc 2 tbl)))) ; Layer name
    (setq tbl (tblnext "LAYER")) ; Next layer
  )
  (princ)
)

Thank you for reading.

Setting AutoCAD drawing UNITS using AutoLISP

Program to configure AutoCAD drawing UNITS for Survey Plan Drawing

 One important ritual you must perform whenever you are starting a new drawing in AutoCAD, is to setup the drawing UNITS according to your drawing needs or specification.

For survey drawings, you will make not less than ten clicks to complete the process. So, I decided to automate this process using AutoLISP.

The UNITS settings are available via the following AutoCAD system variable commands:-

• LUNITS -  system variable that controls the linear/length drawing units
• LUPREC -  system variable that controls the linear/length precision
• AUNITS -  system variable that controls the angles drawing units
• AUPREC -  system variable that controls the angles precision
• ANGBASE -  system variable that controls the angle orientation
• ANGDIR -  system variable that controls the angle direction to be either Clock-clockwise or Counter-clockwise
• INSUNITS - system variable that controls the insertion scaling

The picture above show what each variable is found.

To get the default values you want to use, use the getvar function in AutoLISP to confirm the values you want to set. The values can be checked as follow:-

(getvar "LUNITS")
(getvar "LUPREC")
(getvar "AUNITS")
(getvar "AUPREC")
(getvar "ANGDIR")
(getvar "ANGBASE")
(getvar "INSUNITS")

The setvar function in AutoLISP to set the drawing units in AutoCAD. For example, running this expression below will set the linear/length drawing units to Decimal units.

(setvar "LUNITS" 2)

The Unit format is as follow: 1=Scientific, 2=Decimal, 3=Engineering, 4=Architectural, 5=Fractional

To set the linear/length precision,the expression is like this below which will set the precision to four decimal places: (0.0001). To change the decimal place, change the value 4 to a new number.

(setvar "LUPREC" 4)

Similar concept is applicable to the other units system variables above. For AUNITS, it requires an integer between 0 and 4 and AUPREC requires an integer between 0 and 8.

(setvar "AUNITS" 1)
(setvar "AUPREC" 1)

ANGDIR requires 0 or 1 only. ANGBASE can be set to any number but in this case, I will use 270 to set it to NORTH.

(setvar "ANGDIR" 1)
(setvar "ANGBASE" 270)

For the insertion scaling, I will 6 for meters.

(setvar "INSUNITS" 6)

Putting it altogether:-

;;;Program to configure AutoCAD drawing UNITS for Survey Plan Drawing

;;;Step 1: Manually configure the settings you wanted

;;;Step 2: Determine the default setting using the GETVAR SYSVariable

(defun C:GETDEFAULTUNITS(/ linear-units linear-units-precision angular-units angular-units-precision angule-dir base-angle insertion-scale)
	(setq linear-units (getvar "LUNITS") ; 2
	      linear-units-precision (getvar "LUPREC") ; 2
	      angular-units (getvar "AUNITS") ; 1
	      angular-units-precision (getvar "AUPREC") ; 1
	      angule-dir (getvar "ANGDIR") ; 1
	      base-angle (getvar "ANGBASE") ; 270
	      insertion-scale (getvar "INSUNITS") ; 6
	  ) ; end setq
	
	(princ)
) ; end defun



;;; Step 3: Configure the units using the values obtained above
(defun C:SETUNITS(/)

	(setvar "LUNITS" linear-units)
	(setvar "LUPREC" linear-units-precision)
	(setvar "AUNITS" angular-units)
	(setvar "AUPREC" angular-units-precision)
	(setvar "ANGDIR" angule-dir)
	(setvar "ANGBASE" base-angle)
	(setvar "INSUNITS" insertion-scale)

	(princ)
); end defun

That is it!

Calculate bearing of lines in QGIS

 Bearing refers to the direction or orientation of a line or object relative to a fixed reference point, typically north. It is often measured in degrees, with 0° representing north, 90° representing east, 180° representing south, and 270° representing west. In simpler terms, bearing is like a compass pointing in a specific direction.

Bearings are commonly used in the field of Navigation, Surveying, Astronomy and Engineering. In some instances, different discipline use different terms such as Azimuth, Heading, Direction, Course etc to refer to bearing.

As at the time of writing, calculating the bearing of a line in QGIS doesn't work well for the context of surveying in Nigeria. Nigerian land surveyors work with Whole Circle Bearing (WCB) which is a method of expressing direction using degrees measured clockwise from north. WCB values range from 0° to 360° where North is 0°, East is 90°, South is 180° and West is 270°.

In QGIS under the "Measure" tool/icon, you will find "Measure Bearing" tool. Currently, the bearing is in Quadrant format.

In this post, lets explore how to calculate the Whole Circle Bearing of lines and use it to label the lines.

Electronic Nautical Charts in QGIS

 Different organizations are responsible for the production of Electronic Navigational Charts a.k.a Electronic Nautical Charts in different countries. In Nigeria, the Nigerian Navy Hydrographic Office (NNHO) commenced the production of Nautical Charts in 2018.

In the US, charts are produced by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In the UK, it is UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO), they called their charts 'Admiralty Charts'. Other countries have similar agencies and organizations that makes these charts.

Most of these organizations have provided access to the charts in WMS/WMTS layers in QGIS software. In this post, I will be using the service provided by ArgoGIS, a marine geographic information based on nautical charts as web map service.

The ArgoGIS WMS url is: https://enc.argogis.com/wms/wms_enc

To add it to QGIS, navigate to the Layer menu and add WMS/WMTS layer, then provide the url above. The result around 'Bonny Town' looks like the image below.

These charts are used by oceanographers, mariners, kayakers, navigators, boat captains, commercial fishermen, nautical tourists, coastal engineers, marine scientists, hydrographic surveyors (hydrographers) etc to plan voyages and navigate ships safely by providing detailed information about water depths, locations of navigational hazards like rocks and shoals, positions of aids to navigation, anchorages, coastlines, and other features essential for safe navigation on waterways (in streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, and coastal areas), particularly in coastal areas and open seas.

Happy navigaton!

AutoLISP Program that iterates through selected lines, calculates their angles and lengths, and then annotates them

 In other words, the autoLISP program will select a line, get its bearing and distance and write the values on beside the line. The distance is in meters and the bearing format is in Whole Circle Bearing and DD°MM'SS

(defun c:BRGDIST (/ ss i entData ptStart ptEnd dx dy angleRad angleDeg wcb bearingStr dist midpoint)
  ; Function to convert decimal degrees to DMS (degrees, minutes, seconds)
  (defun DEGtoDMS (deg / d m s)
    (setq d (fix deg)) ; Degrees
    (setq m (fix (* (- deg d) 60))) ; Minutes
    (setq s (* (- (* (- deg d) 60) m) 60)) ; Seconds
    (strcat (itoa d) "°" (itoa m) "'" (rtos s 2 2) "\"") ; Format as DD°MM'SS"
  )

  ; Select lines
  (setq ss (ssget '((0 . "LINE"))))
  (if ss
    (progn
      (setq i 0)
      (repeat (sslength ss)
        ; Extract line data
        (setq entData (entget (ssname ss i)))
        (setq ptStart (cdr (assoc 10 entData))) ; Start point
        (setq ptEnd (cdr (assoc 11 entData)))   ; End point
        
        ; Calculate bearing
        (setq angleRad (angle ptStart ptEnd)) ; Angle in radians (from X-axis, counterclockwise)
        (setq angleDeg (/ (* angleRad 180.0) pi)) ; Convert to degrees
        
        ; Convert to Whole Circle Bearing (clockwise from north, 0°-360°)
        (setq wcb (rem (+ (- 90 angleDeg) 360) 360)) ; Adjust for WCB
        (setq bearingStr (DEGtoDMS wcb)) ; Convert WCB to DMS format
        
        ; Calculate distance
        (setq dist (rtos (distance ptStart ptEnd) 2 2)) ; Distance with 2 decimal places
        
        ; Calculate midpoint
        (setq midpoint (list
          (/ (+ (car ptStart) (car ptEnd)) 2.0)
          (/ (+ (cadr ptStart) (cadr ptEnd)) 2.0)
        ))
        
        ; Create text at midpoint
        (entmake
          (list
            '(0 . "TEXT")
            (cons 10 midpoint)          ; Insertion point
            (cons 40 5)               ; Text height
            (cons 1 (strcat bearingStr "      " dist"m")) ; Bearing (DMS) + distance
            (cons 50 angleRad)          ; Rotation angle (aligned with line)
            (cons 7 "Standard")         ; Text style
          )
        )
        (setq i (1+ i))
      )
    )
  )
  (princ)
)

This will create a new layer for the annotation

(defun c:BRGDIST (/ ss i entData ptStart ptEnd dx dy angleRad angleDeg wcb bearingStr dist midpoint)
  ; Function to convert decimal degrees to DMS (degrees, minutes, seconds)
  (defun DEGtoDMS (deg / d m s)
    (setq d (fix deg)) ; Degrees
    (setq m (fix (* (- deg d) 60))) ; Minutes
    (strcat (itoa d) "°" (itoa m) "'") ; Format as DD° MM'
    ;; (setq s (* (- (* (- deg d) 60) m) 60)) ; Seconds
    ;; (strcat (itoa d) "°" (itoa m) "'" (rtos s 2 2) "\"") ; Format as DD° MM' SS"
  )

  ; Create or use the annotation layer
  (if (not (tblsearch "LAYER" "BRG_DIST"))
    (command "._LAYER" "_M" "BRG_DIST" "_C" "1" "" "") ; Create layer and set color to red
  )
  (setvar "CLAYER" "BRG_DIST") ; Set current layer to BRG_DIST

  ; Select lines
  (setq ss (ssget '((0 . "LINE"))))
  (if ss
    (progn
      (setq i 0)
      (repeat (sslength ss)
        ; Extract line data
        (setq entData (entget (ssname ss i)))
        (setq ptStart (cdr (assoc 10 entData))) ; Start point
        (setq ptEnd (cdr (assoc 11 entData)))   ; End point
        
        ; Calculate bearing
        (setq angleRad (angle ptStart ptEnd)) ; Angle in radians (from X-axis, counterclockwise)
        (setq angleDeg (/ (* angleRad 180.0) pi)) ; Convert to degrees
        
        ; Convert to Whole Circle Bearing (clockwise from north, 0°-360°)
        (setq wcb (rem (+ (- 90 angleDeg) 360) 360)) ; Adjust for WCB
        (setq bearingStr (DEGtoDMS wcb)) ; Convert WCB to DMS format
        
        ; Calculate distance
        (setq dist (rtos (distance ptStart ptEnd) 2 2)) ; Distance with 2 decimal places
        
        ; Calculate midpoint
        (setq midpoint (list
          (/ (+ (car ptStart) (car ptEnd)) 2.0)
          (/ (+ (cadr ptStart) (cadr ptEnd)) 2.0)
        ))
        
        ; Create text at midpoint
        (entmake
          (list
            '(0 . "TEXT")
            (cons 10 midpoint)          ; Insertion point
            (cons 40 5)               ; Text height
            (cons 1 (strcat bearingStr "   " dist "m")) ; Bearing (DMS) + distance
            (cons 50 angleRad)          ; Rotation angle (aligned with line)
            (cons 7 "Standard")         ; Text style
            (cons 8 "BRG_DIST")         ; Layer
          )
        )
        (setq i (1+ i))
      )
    )
  )
  (princ)
)

Happy Coding!

Generating AutoCAD Script (.SCR) file from GPS/GNSS Data

 Recently, I was working on a project where I had to label some points in several AutoCAD files from data points obatined from GPS/GNSS reciever. So, I wrote this Python code to 'Generate AutoCAD Script (.SCR) file from GNSS Data'.

easting = '356662'
northing = '946418'

# construct text string eg: _TEXT easting,northing 10 90 PA10
script_str_txt = f'_TEXT {easting},{northing} 10 90 {name}\n'

# construct point string eg: _POINT easting,northing
script_str_pt = f'_POINT {easting},{northing}\n'

with open(f"{file_num}_{sch_name}.scr", "a") as f:
    f.write(script_str_txt)

The result of the script:

A more practical application code is this one below. It reads a large CSV file containing school names, then groups the data by the school names and generate .scr file for each group.

sch_dict = {'GSS TOTO WEST TOTO LGC':1, 'GJSS ASOPADA KARU LGC':2, 'GJSS KURMIN TAGWAYE AKWANG':3, 'GJSS LAFIA SOUTH LAFIA LGC':4, 'GJSS SAMBGOBARAU KOKONA LGC':5, 'GOV DAY SEC OBI LGC':6, 'GS LOKO NASARAWA LGC':7, 'GSS ALUSHI KEANA LGC':8, 'GSS AZUB CENTRAL LAFIA LGC':9, 'GSS EFUGBORINGO DOMA LGC':10, 'GSS GUDI AKWANGA LGC':11, 'GSS KEKURA AWE LGC':12, 'GSS MAMA WAMBA LGC':13, 'GSS SABONGARI KEFFI KEFFI LGC':14, 'ISLAMIYYA LGEA KEANA LGC':15, 'LGEA DHIZILA OBI LGC':16, 'LGEA EFURIGBORINGO DOMA LGC':17, 'LGEA EZZEN MADA STATION EGGON':18, 'LGEA GUDIGE TSOHO NASARAWA LGC':19, 'LGEA IBI AWE LGC':20, 'LGEA KIGBUNA LAFIA LGC':21, 'LGEA MADA HILL AKWANGA LGC':22, 'LGEA PILOT CEN UMAISHA TOTO LG':23, 'LGEA PRI ADOKASA KARU LGC':24, 'LGEA PRI KONZA WAMB LGC':25, 'LGEA PRI NASARAWA EAST NAS LGC':26, 'LGEA REFUGE CAMP LAFIA LGC':27, 'LGEA SAKWATO KOKONA LGC':28, 'LGEA TRANSFER UMAISHA TOT LGC':29, 'NADP PROJECT LAFIA LGC':30, 'RCM GSS NAS EGGON LGC':31}


# Read the GNSS created spread sheet....
df = pd.read_csv(r"sch-24.csv")

group_df = df.groupby('School Name')
group_keys = list(group_df.groups.keys())

for s in group_keys:
    temp_df = group_df.get_group(s)

    for idx, row in temp_df.iterrows():
        easting = row['X']
        northing = row['Y']
        name = row['Name']
        sch_name = row['School Name']
        file_num = sch_dict[sch_name]
    
        # construct text string eg: _TEXT easting,northing 10 90 PA10
        script_str_txt = f'_TEXT {easting},{northing} 10 90 {name}\n'
        # construct point string eg: _POINT easting,northing
        script_str_pt = f'_POINT {easting},{northing}\n'

        with open(f"{file_num}_{sch_name}.scr", "a") as f:
            f.write(script_str_txt)

        with open(f"{file_num}_{sch_name}.scr", "a") as f:
            f.write(script_str_pt)
        
    # break

print('Done...')

Happy coding!

Images Georeferencing World Files

 World Files are georeferencing files for images that describe the location, scale, and orientation of an image such geoTiff with .tfw as its world file, JPEG with .jgw as its world file and PNG with .pgw as its world file.

Image world files (.tfw, .jgw, .pgw) are text files that contains geographic information for a raster image. They are used to georeference the image, which means to position the image correctly on a map or in a mapping system.

The .tfw world file is a text file used to georeference the GeoTIFF raster images, like the orthomosaic and the DSM. The .jgw world file is a text file used to georeference the JPEG raster images. The .pgw world file is a text file used to georeference the PNG raster images.

Any of the world files have similar structure which contain 6-line in the text file:

• Line 1: pixel size in the x-direction in map units (GSD).
• Line 2: rotation about y-axis.
• Line 3: rotation about x-axis.
• Line 4: pixel size in the y-direction in map in map units (GSD).
• Line 5: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the image.
• Line 6: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the image.

*GSD: Ground Sampling Distance.

As pixels are considered as square lines 1 and 4 are the same.

Georeferencing a JPEG image in AutoCAD using its .jgw World Files

This one used case of the worl files in AutoCAD. The Visual LISP program below adopted from Insert georeferenced image with world file in AutoCAD will select an image that has a jgw world file and georeferencing it appropraitely.

(vl-load-com)
 (defun ss->lst (ss / e n out)
   (setq n -1)
   (while (setq e (ssname ss (setq n (1+ n)))) (setq out (cons (vlax-ename->vla-object e) out)))
 )
 (defun _writefile (filename lst / file result)
   (cond ((and (eq 'str (type filename)) (setq file (open filename "w")))
   (foreach x lst
     (write-line
       (cond ((= (type x) 'str) x)
	     ((= (type x) 'int) (itoa x))
	     ((= (type x) 'real) (rtos x 2 6))
	     ((vl-prin1-to-string x))
       )
       file
     )
   )
   (close file)
   filename
  )
   )
 )
 (defun _readfile (filename / file result)
   (cond
     ((and (eq 'str (type filename)) (setq file (open filename "r")))
      (while (setq line (read-line file)) (setq result (cons (vl-string-trim " " line) result)))
      (close file)
      (reverse result)
     )
   )
 )
 (setq opt "ReadIt")
;  (initget 0 "ReadIt WriteIt")
;  (setq	opt (cond ((getkword (strcat "\nImage World File [ReadIt/WriteIt] <" opt ">: ")))
;		  (opt)
;	    )
; )
 (princ "\nSelect image(s): ")
 (setq pre (getvar 'dwgprefix))
 (if (and (setq ss (ssget '((0 . "image")))) (setq ss (ss->lst ss)))
   (foreach image ss
     (setq name    (vlax-get image 'name)
    hgt	    (vlax-get image 'height)
    wdth    (vlax-get image 'width)
    imhgt   (vlax-get image 'imageheight)
    imwdth  (vlax-get image 'imagewidth)
    rot	    (vlax-get image 'rotation)
    bpt	    (vlax-get image 'origin)
    imgpath (vl-filename-directory (vlax-get image 'imagefile))
    jgw	    (strcat imgpath "\\" name ".jgw")
     )
     (if (= opt "ReadIt")
(progn
  (if (and (or (setq jgw (findfile (strcat pre name ".jgw")))
	       (setq jgw (findfile (strcat imgpath "\\" name ".jgw")))
	       (setq jgw (getfiled (strcat "***Select <<" name ".jgw>>***") pre "jgw" 16))
	   )
	   (setq pre (strcat (vl-filename-directory jgw) "\\"))
	   (setq data (mapcar 'atof (_readfile jgw)))
	   (> (length data) 5)
	   (setq l1 (car data))
	   (setq mvpt (list (nth 4 data) (nth 5 data) 0.0))
      )
    (progn (vla-put-imageheight image (* hgt l1))
	   (vla-put-imagewidth image (* wdth l1))
	   (vla-put-rotation image (cadr data))
	   (setq rot (vlax-get image 'rotation))
	   (setq bpt (polar bpt (+ (/ pi 2.) rot) (* hgt l1)))
	   (vlax-invoke image 'move bpt mvpt)
	   (princ (strcat "\njgw File Read - " jgw))
    )
    (princ "\njgw file NOT found or not correctly formatted!")
  )
)
(progn (setq bpt (polar bpt (+ (/ pi 2.) rot) imhgt))
       (if (setq jgw (_writefile
		       (strcat imgpath "\\" name ".jgw")
		       (list (/ imhgt hgt)
			     rot
			     (strcat "-" (rtos (abs rot) 2 6))
			     (strcat "-" (rtos (abs (/ imwdth wdth)) 2 6))
			     (rtos (car bpt) 2 6)
			     (rtos (cadr bpt) 2 6)
		       )
		     )
	   )
	(print jgw)
	(princ "\nError writing file...")
       )
)
     )
   )
 )
 (princ)

Save the script in a lisp file or just copy and paste it into the vlisp window as shown below. Then run the program and select the image you want to georeference in the AutoCAD current window. this will move, scale, rotate and orient the image to its real-world coordinates position. Zoom to Extend to see the result.

Thank you for reading.